By George Bozarth
Co-Artistic Director, Musique du Jour Presents

Amidst all the turmoil of our times, I thought some beautifully balanced music and lovely visual images might help.

So today I’d like us experience two works in Late Renaissance Style by the Spanish composer Tomás Luis de Victoria (ca. 1548–1611). (Those who rebelled against this style—Claudio Monteverdi and others—called it the Stile Antico, in contrast to their own Stile Moderno.)

Victoria was one of the most important composers of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation, along with Giovanni Pierluigi Palestrina and Orlando di Lasso. Ordained as a priest, he held prominent positions in Rome—succeeding Palestrina as maestro at the German College and in 1575 becoming Maestro di Capella at the Basilica di Sant’Apollinare (see Attachment 1)—and from 1587, in his homeland—as chaplain to the Dowager Empress Maria, sister of Philip II, and later organist at the Convent of Las Descalzas Reales (literally the “Monastery of the Royal Barefooted”) in Madrid.

Facade of the Basilica di Sant’Apollinare, Rome

Renee Boulay, Cloister of the Monasterio De Las Descalzas Reales, Madrid

Hallway in the Monasterio De Las Descalzas Reales, Madrid

Ceiling of the Church of the Monasterio De Las Descalzas Reales, Madrid

I first encountered Victoria’s rich, harmonious polyphonic art when my high school choir sang his Christmas motet “O magnum mysterium” (O great mystery). In the body of the piece the four voices initially weave in imitative counterpoint, then join in choral homophony for the first cadence, to emphasize the key word sacramentum. The voices continue in ever-changing textures—echoed duets and trios, imitation between bass and soprano voices, parallel six-three chords (praesepio, “manger”), humble four-part homophony (O beate, “O blessed”) vs. decorative melisma (Virgo, “Virgin”), and rich polyphonic traceries (Dominum Jesum Christum, “Lord Jesus Christ”). Joy bursts forth in two culminating Alleluia passages—the first chordal in a quicker triple meter, the second displaying vocal cascades in duple meter.

Our performers today are the brilliant British vocal ensemble “The Sixteen,” conducted by Harry Christophers. (Oh, if we could hear them live-in-concert in Town Hall!)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MRPEJkoEstc

O magnum mysterium
et admirabile sacramentum,
ut animalia viderent Dominum natum
jacentem in praesepio.
O beata Virgo, cujus viscera meruerunt
portare Dominum Jesum Christum.
Alleluia!

O great mystery
and wonderful sacrament,
that the animals should see the new-born Lord
lying in a manger.
Blessed is the Virgin whose womb was worthy
to bear the Lord Jesus Christ.
Alleluia!

With the very homogeneous Stile Antico, “The Harmony Controls the Words.” Consonance vs. dissonance and the relative motion of the voices are carefully regulated. Dissonances are always on weak beats, and no one voice is allowed to dominate. How the harmony was to work was codified by the Venetian music theorist Gioseffo Zarlino in his Le istitutioni harmoniche (The Harmonic Institutions, 1558).

For visual parallels to this well-balanced style, one can turn to Leonardo da Vinci’s The Last Supper (ca. 1494), Michelangelo’s Pieta (Rome, 1498–99), and Raphael’s The School of Athens (1509–11). The latter is very much in “polyphonic style,” with the imitative figures, left vs right, “entering” at different levels of the visual plane.

For many years my example of the Stile Antico for my university classes was Victoria’s motet for the Annunciation, “Ne timeas Maria” (Fear not, Mary). After a reassuring, controlled polyphonic opening, elaborate melismas focus our attention on God’s grace (gratiam . . . Dominum) and the miraculous being in Mary’s womb (in utero). A full cadence sets off the final line, “and he shalt be called Son of the Most High” (et vocabitur Altissimi filius), with its upward leaps on Altissimi and joyous melismas on filium.

Again our singers are “The Sixteen.”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ac1vjX80Mq8

Ne timeas, Maria:
invenisti enim gratiam apud Dominum:
ecce concipies in utero, et paries filium,
et vocabitur Altissimi filius.

Fear not, Mary,
for thou hast found grace in the sight of the Lord:
behold, thou shalt conceive in thy womb and shalt bring forth a son, and he shalt be called Son of the Most High.

To close, I would like to share with you a digitally-created performance by Seattle’s own Medieval Women’s Choir—founded by the greatly missed Margriet Tindemans in 1990—singing the traditional canon Dona nobis pacem (“Grant us peace,” attributed to Mozart), paired with images of the glorious, soaring Gothic stained-glass windows in Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, provided by our friend in Bath, Maine, Yves Feder.